CategoriesNutrition

Even More Reasons Why Athletes Should Eat Carbs

Outside of being downright delicious, carbohydrates do serve an important role in day-to-day nutrition, and especially so with competitive athletes.

Today’s guest post comes courtesy of strength coach, Travis Hansen. If you happened to miss the first two installments of this article series, please check them out HERE and HERE.

Right now, I’m going to jump right into things and discuss five more final reasons why any team sport or explosive based athlete requires carbohydrates in order to optimize their performance and physique

#1-CENTRAL FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

This theory continues to be explored, and isn’t fully understood yet. When we train long and hard, levels of free Tryptophan (5-HT) begin to circulate in higher quantities throughout our bloodstream. Eventually Tryptophan crosses the blood-brain barrier where it’s converted into Serotonin.

Serotonin has been shown to elicit key symptoms of fatigue when there is still available peripheral energy sources available to our working muscles. Dr. Mark Davis published a very interesting article in a Sports Nutrition Journal back in the late 90’s which covered nearly every element of “The Central Fatigue Theory.” (1)

If you are a geek like me and want to know all of the ins and outs of this particular subject matter, then I would definitely give it a good look. I’m going to bypass some of the specifics and just give you what’s really important here.

The F-TRP/BCAA ratio becomes very significant. In order to gain access into the brain, Tryptophan needs a specific transporter that BCAA’s (Branched Chain Amino Acids) compete with. Thus, by increasing BCAA’s in the blood, one could simply assume that this would limit Tryptophan levels and subsequent fatigue. Unfortunately, BCAA’s don’t show much promise in this arena directly, and there are a number of factors that Davis discusses which help explain the dilemma that is beyond the scope of this article.

On the upside, carbohydrate feedings show a consistently strong impact on CNS fatigue suppression.

According to Davis, one way in which they do this is by limiting the release of FFA or free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When we train at high intensities, liver glycogen support for the muscles in our body can be reduced fairly quickly. As training continues, we begin to rely upon more fat for fuel.

Fats influence F-TRP and its binding with a protein called Albumin. In other words, if FFA’s are elevated due to a lack of carbs then they will naturally knock of Tryptophan from Albumin which will then allow the now unbound Trytophan to make its way to the brain and subsequently induce fatigue.

I should also note that the exact mechanism for why carbohydrates prevent fatigue is very controversial still, and one theory is that glucose is the preferential source of fuel for neural cells and they absolutely crave this particular energy source when it’s readily available.

#2-CORTISOL LEVELS

When it comes to maximizing your physique and overall athletic performance there is zero doubt that Cortisol is your body’s potential kryptonite!

Several pathways throughout the human body are to be disrupted when Cortisol is high and chronically elevated by consuming less carbohydrates combined with rigorous training protocols.

Thyroid conversion will be altered as well as nervous system activity. Direct protein synthesis is reduced, and last but not least, Insulin and Testosterone levels will take a substantial hit. And if you already read the previous two articles (see links in intro) then you can already appreciate just how much of a negative impact this can create.

#3-DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS

I’ve been excited to discuss this issue because I still get asked the question whether or not we really store carbs as fat very easily.

The answer is definitely no.

De Novo Lipogenesis is the production of fat from carbohydrates specifically. Again this all goes back to The First Law of Thermodynamics, or calories in vs. calories out. You can’t store more energy if you are taking in less energy.

Period.

I know I might be beyond beating a dead horse here, but some people still can’t accept this scientific law and blame everything else for weight gain or lack of success in losing fat/weight, especially carbs.

Come on.

According to the highly credible and world renown physiologist Lyle McDonald, De Novo Lipogenesis is quite difficult to come by to say the least. Under normal dietary conditions, where people aren’t severely obese, upwards of 700-900 grams of carbs per day for several days had to be ingested in order for De Novo to occur. (2) This is an absolutely INSANE amount of carbohydrates mind you.

And some of the reasons why it’s difficult to store carbs as fat is because of the glucose-ffa cycle. This cellular function just means that when we eat carbs we burn carbs, and vice versa. Moreover, there is roughly 500 grams or so of potential glycogen that can be stored in the muscle and liver which amounts to approximately 2000 calories.

Also, standard high intensity weight and athletic training causes these stores to naturally adapt and increase their storage potential even further making fat storage from carbohydrates even harder to come by. So as you can see from the evidence above, if you are a female or male athlete who wants to get leaner and improve your body composition, then by all means eat your carbs!

#4-SLEEP FUNCTION

According to the American Society for Clinical Nutrition, carbohydrates consumed prior to sleep can decrease the onset of actual sleep. (3)

A common sleep deficiency in research is initiation, so the carbs could be very helpful in this department if you are an athlete who needs to quickly recover and perform at a high level regularly.

Moreover, although the primary type of clients in which I work with aren’t bodybuilders or figure competitors, I have been fortunate enough to train quite a few over the years and consult several of them and prescribe and monitor their nutrition. A very consistent observation has been definitive improved sleep quality with adequate carbohydrate consumption with other influential factors held constant.

This observation is highly subjective, but if several of these athletes are benefiting from more carbs, then that is more than good enough for me as a coach who wants them to be at their best.

#5-LEPTIN PRODUCTION

I’m going to very quickly introduce or simply review this hormone and give you a very basic short course on the hormone.

Leptin is a peptide hormone that is primarily synthesized and released from our fat cells in the body. Leptin has specific receptors in the brain which help to regulate energy production, appetite, and weight management to name a few.

Basically, if calories, bodyfat levels, or carbs are too low then Leptin production is decreased and energy expenditure decreases, performance decreases, hunger goes through the roof, and we pack on lbs. Keep Leptin at normal levels by eating sufficient carbs and calories at a healthy weight/bodyfat level and the metabolism remains in harmony. Here are a few starter articles to get you properly acquainted with Leptin if you aren’t already:

Control Leptin and Control Your Leanness

Bodyweight Regulation: Leptin Part I

SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES:

#1-Davis, M. Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: The Central Fatigue Hypothesis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition, 5: 29-38, 1995.

#2-http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/how-we-get-fat.html/

#3-http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/2/426.full

About the Author

Travis Hansen has been involved in the field of Human Performance Enhancement for nearly a decade. He graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Fitness and Wellness, and holds 3 different training certifications from the ISSA, NASM, and NCSF. He was the Head Strength and Conditioning Coach for the Reno Bighorns of the NBADL for their 2010 season, and he is currently the Director of The Reno Speed School inside the South Reno Athletic Club. He has worked with hundreds of athletes from almost all sports, ranging from the youth to professional ranks. He is the author of the hot selling “Speed Encyclopedia,” and he is also the leading authority on speed development for the International Sports Sciences Association.

CategoriesNutrition

5 More Scientific Reasons Athletes Should Eat Carbs

I’m in Europe traveling, speaking, and eating lots of cheese.

Today’s guest post comes courtesy of strength coach Travis Hansen. I don’t write nearly enough nutritional content for the site – if I do it’s always gluten free1 – so when Travis reached out to offer a sequel to a popular article he wrote for T-Nation I was happy to oblige.

Enjoy!

If you haven’t already be sure to visit part #1 of why athletes should eat carbs HERE, where I cover several often overlooked reasons why athletes need carbohydrates to look and perform to their peak potential.

Photo Credit: Bosque Village

Right now, I want to take some time and cover several more key reasons to further put this myth to rest once and for all!

1) Ghrelin Suppression

Ghrelin is a very intricate hormone of our endocrine system that is released primarily from our stomach cells.

Awww, ghrelin is so cute!

Once released into our bloodstream this hormone travels up to the brain where it binds to its specific receptor site.

There is extensive research on this hormone, but most notably is its role on increasing appetite.

Interestingly enough, once we ingest enough carbs ghrelin levels tend to scale down. This becomes significant since ghrelin also plays a negative role in metabolic rate and fat storage. (1)

2) Non-Essential Amino Acid Synthesis

When our body utilizes carbohydrates as energy some of the chemical by-products become necessary for production of the manufacturing of non-essential amino acids.

This becomes important since this particular sub-category of amino acids is involved in many metabolic pathways in the human body.

I analyzed several studies which indicated that non-essential amino acids did not provide any additional benefit to muscle growth outside of essential amino acid intake, however if you sit down and examine the role of each one you will come to find out that they play vital roles in various reactions in the body which will ultimately affect athletic performance and you would be foolish to limit their production by going low carb.

3) Testosterone Levels

I discussed the effects of Insulin briefly in the previous article and from that you could see just how valuable the hormone is for muscle growth and performance.

What’s more is the influence insulin production can have on our testosterone levels.

When we ingest and digest carbohydrates Insulin will prevent a hormone by the name of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) from attaching itself to Free Testosterone circulating through our bloodstream.

Moreover, I was able to locate an awesome study which examined the effects low carbohydrate diets had on Testosterone levels. (2)

In this particular study, researchers studied two groups of male athletes.

One group consumed moderate to high amounts of carbohydrates (60% of caloric intake), while the other group consumed low quantities of carbs (30% of caloric intake). After three consecutive days of high intensity training, blood samples were taken from each group, measuring each groups Testosterone to Cortisol Ratio.

The control group only showed a 3% decrease in T while the low carb group showed a pitiful 43% drop in T!

Keep in mind, the exercise protocol did not involve heavy weight training, so it would be interesting to see the effects of pre and post-percentage drops in each group with very high amounts of muscular damage induced from resistance training protocols.

4) Motor Control and Coordination

I absolutely love science as much as the next person, but I don’t think there is really any true need to provide any study on this one.

Bottom Line: our nervous system’s preferential source of fuel comes directly from carbohydrates in the form of glucose and if we deprive ourselves of carbs as athletes then it has to be manufactured from external and internal sources of body protein (aka muscle mass) with small amounts stemming from fat (glycerol).

Also consider the potential lag time in glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources that occurs since it’s not readily available in muscle stores as glycogen for glycolysis.

Most team sports rely on anaerobic glycolysis fueled by glucose and glycogen stores, and if there is a delay in providing these energy sources then exertion has to stall to some extent.

Aside from everything else I’ve shared with you up until this point, all you have to do is work with any strength or power athlete for a considerable amount of time while they are practicing a low carb diet strategy and you will inevitably recognize common deficiencies in movement (speed, quickness, strength, motivation, etc.) derived from fatigue, dehydration, and subsequent motor control deficits.

5) The X-Factor: Glycogen

In the first article, you saw the influence systemic hydration levels have on performance outcomes, and the high amounts of H2O that is to be stored in our glycogen stores. Any small decrease in hydration (2-3%) has been shown to lead to poorer performance and you absolutely risk this by depleting glycogen stores in your muscles and liver by consuming less carbs.

Furthermore, one of the common physiological adaptations that occurs in our muscles in response to strength and athletic training is an increased capacity for glycogen and thus water to meet the increased demands of the training stimulus so that we can perform better.

Moreover, there is good evidence that glycogen stores play a direct role in recovery and protein synthesis following intense training. (3), (4).

Increased cellular signaling is one potential way that glycogen can affect recovery and regeneration.

Lastly, if you are an athlete who is trying to get fancy and shed weight fast let me inform you of some things before you do so.

When glycogen stores become depleted within a day of strict low carb dieting there is an automatic up-regulation of specific enzymes which store more glycogen to help combat this approach.

With this there is an increase in glycogen stores above original baseline. This means that you are going to temporarily gain MORE weight in the form of increased water and stored carbs then if you had just stayed consistent in the first place.

What I am referring to here is the classic “carb loading” approach advocated and mastered by endurance athletes everywhere for decades now. And it absolutely works for this population, but definitely not in the context of efficient weight loss for athletes who still need to perform at a high level regularly.

If nothing else, why would the body adapt this way? Obviously we need the glycogen, especially if you are an explosive athlete.

Lastly, there is a decent amount of research that I found showing that sufficient glycogen or glucose replenishment may offset Central fatigue of the nervous system, and I will be sure to discuss this topic more in the final installment of this series…

Scientific References

#1-#6-http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/bodyweight-regulation-wrap-up-other-hormones.html/

#2-Lane AR, Duke JW, Hackney AC. Influence of dietary carbohydrate intake on the free testosterone: cortisol ratio responses to short-term intensive exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Apr;108(6):1125-31.

#3-John, L. Regulation of muscle glycogen repletion, muscle protein synthesis and repair following exercise. J Sports Sci Med 3: 131-138, 2004.

#4-Howarth, KR. Effect of glycogen availability on human skeletal muscle protein turnover during exercise and recovery. J Appl Physiol 109: 431-438, 2010.

Author’s Bio

Travis Hansen has been involved in the field of Human Performance Enhancement for nearly a decade. He graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Fitness and Wellness, and holds 3 different training certifications from the ISSA, NASM, and NCSF. He was the Head Strength and Conditioning Coach for the Reno Bighorns of the NBADL for their 2010 season, and he is currently the Director of The Reno Speed School inside the South Reno Athletic Club. He has worked with hundreds of athletes from almost all sports, ranging from the youth to professional ranks. He is the author of the hot selling “Speed Encyclopedia,” and he is also the leading authority on speed development for the International Sports Sciences Association.

CategoriesMotivational Nutrition

An Athlete’s Approach to Optimal Eating

I’ve had a great run of weekly guest posts from various people in the fitness world as of late, and I wanted to keep the streak going with another one from Nate Miyaki.

For those unfamiliar, Nate is a regular contributor at T-Nation and generally leans more on the nutrition side of things.  I’ve grown to really respect his body of work and appreciate his simple, minimalist (yet very effective) approach to nutrition. In addition, I KNOW he walks the walk and doesn’t just talk a big game.  My man is shredded!

I hate to say it, but there are A LOT of people out there that seem (maybe prefer?) to make things waaaaaaay more complicated than they have to be, and the topic of what to eat and when ranks right up there.

Is it better to eat low carb or high carb?  Is it okay to eat past 6 PM? Because fruit contains fructose, we should avoid it at all costs, right? Is 1.0 grams of protein per lb of bodyweight best for optimal results or is 1.376 a better number to shoot for?  And since everyone and their Little League coach is doing it, what’s the deal with Intermittent Fasting?  

You would think, based off how some people dissect every nook and cranny of their diet, that they’re  performing rocket science or trying to figure out why it is women are drawn to the 50 Shades of Grey phenomenon.

Nonetheless, in today’s post Nate dives into how athlete’s should strive to eat, and offers a sorta pre-game speech to set people straight.  His sentiments mirror much of mine, and I think many of you will appreciate it.

Enjoy! 

From the moment you put on that jersey, grab a bat, strap on the gloves, buckle up the chin strap, climb under the bar, or lace up a pair of sneakers, cleats, or skates; the sands of time start ticking away.

Most athletes only get a relatively short window within which to accomplish something great.  That’s a gift in itself, because the majority of people were just not born with the natural talents or skills to even get a chance.

If you’re one of the lucky few, you need to take advantage of that privilege.  For once its gone, it’s gone forever.   Don’t wake up one morning wishing you had done more when you had the chance.  You have the rest of your life to kick back, follow the crowd, and be mediocre.

But while your opportunity is here, right now in this moment, why not do everything possible to give yourself the best chance of succeeding?  Why not use every weapon at your disposal to maximize your true athletic potential?

Dietary Discipline & Maximizing Your Potential

One of the most important weapons is your diet.  Unfortunately, it is often the most overlooked by performance athletes, because the truth is you can perform decently on a suboptimal diet.  Anecdotally, there is no arguing that given some of the sh*t lists I’ve seen from some of my own athletes.  Do you even know what a caramel dumpling is?

But you certainly are not maximizing your true potential and performing at your genetic peak with this approach.

Our generation has lost something.  We’ve become a bunch of entitled whiners expecting something for nothing, always looking for that quick fix.  We’ve lost that ability to strive, to sacrifice, to set goals, to do everything possible to achieve them, and to never waver in their pursuit.

We’ll take short cuts and cheat the system any chance we can get; yet we shy away from the day-to-day grind that is really necessary to climb to the top.  We’ll take a pill, but won’t change our daily habits.

So before we spend time getting into dietary details, which we will, we need to take a step back and look at the bigger picture.  If we don’t solve this riddle first, all subsequent nutrition articles will be meaningless.

Athlete or Average?

You have to decide right now whether you consider yourself an athlete or an average dude (or girl).  One gets more leeway, sympathy, and handholding.  The other gets a swift kick in the nuts (or female equivalent, metaphorically speaking) when they show up to a training session with a bagel in hand, sipping on a latte.

Are you preparing to fuel your body for battle, or are you, in stealing a line from the great Dan John, “eating like a child”  that needs a bag of Skittles to much on while sending your BFF texts about the Twilight Saga?

The average dude comes in for a few workouts a week, then goes and hangs out at Applebee’s.  An athlete lives like one 24/7, whether their coach is watching over them or not, whether its “hard” and “inconvenient” or not.

Which are you?  There’s no right or wrong answer.  But as a coach, I need to know.  Because you talk to guys on the field a lot different than the ones sitting in the stands.

It amazes me to see guys and gals train like madmen, then go out and eat pizza and ice cream.  They have the discipline of a warrior within the lines, but a bullsh*t excuse-maker outside of it.

You’re saying you have dreams and want to be the best, but your actions are screaming something very different.

It’s Not Just How You Lift, It’s How You Live

Don’t you need to junk-load to increase calories and support your training?  No.  Never.  Do you want to follow plans based on marketing material or plans based on science, or just pure common sense?

What do you think a dietary induced, chronically inflamed body is doing to your ability to recover from your training sessions, or for your nagging knee and shoulder pain?

That pastry sounds like sh*ts and giggles to the average, but its not if you have elite goals.

Cellular integrity, insulin sensitivity, and optimal nutrient partitioning can all degrade over time with a poor diet.  What do you think that does to your ability to put on functional muscle that makes you faster and more powerful vs. non-functional fat that makes you slower and less explosive?

And sure, you may be able get away with whatever you want nutritionally in your 20’s.  But the small percentage who extend their careers into their latter years are the ones who took care of their bodies and followed an informed path right from the beginning.

You call yourself an athlete, than live like an athlete — on the field, in the gym, and in the kitchen.

Start With the Simple – Optimize Food Choices

I don’t want this article to be just about philosophy, psychology, pontification, and rah-rah ramblings. You need some practicality as well.

So how should an athlete nutritionally support their competition and training demands?  Do it through quality, nutrient dense foods that serve a physiological and metabolic purpose.

So hit those high quality animal proteins for the essential amino acids necessary to build lean muscle mass, and for the essential fatty acids and good fats necessary to support optimum hormone production.

We’re talking grass-fed beef, wild fish, free-range poultry, and eggs — all hormone and anti-biotic free, of course.

Don’t eat fast food, salami slices, or candy bars with protein added to it to justify “getting your protein in”.  The #5 combo will be waiting for you when you’re trying to grow some chins, not be fast and powerful enough to land that knockout punch on your opponent’s chin.

Include some plant foods like vegetables and whole fruits for a variety of micronutrients and phytonutrients, not a bunch of empty calories combined with randomly shot-gunning a bunch of pills to try and make up for the nutrient deficiencies.

Maybe your mama thinks eating a bowl of cornflakes and chewing on a Flintstones vitamin is the Athlete’s Way.  I don’t.

And carbs?  I love Paleo nutrition as a baseline template. It automatically gets rid of many of the problematic compounds in the modern Y2K diet.  That’s why 80% of my dietary recommendations are based off of it.

But as a high performance athlete, you can’t follow it all the way down the rabbit hole and end up in some dietary cult.  You’re not a sedentary, pre-diabetic, insulin resistant office worker.  And you are certainly not a frickin’ caveman.  You’re a modern athlete with modern performance goals.

The game is different.  You need to understand a thing or two about exercise physiology, and integrate some modern, researched, Sports Nutrition principles to properly fuel and recover from your training sessions.

Many athletes get caught up in following the universal, dogmatic proclamations of carbophobic academics whose only sport has ever been jogging (Ron Burgundy pronounces it Yogging).  But high intensity strength and intermittent sprint sports are fueled by anaerobic metabolism, which can only run on glucose/glycogen.

That doesn’t mean loading up on bologne sandwiches and fruit roll ups.  You want starches without the toxic compounds, potential food allergens, or “anti-nutrients” that can wreck the digestive system, impair nutrient absorption, and leave you tired and lethargic.

So cut the sugar, refined flour, and gluten-based starches.  Stick with starchy tubers (yams, sweet potatoes, white potatoes) and white rice to support your training.

Drink some high quality H20 like the Water Boy recommends, not Diet Coke.

Conclusion

I get it.  It’s easy to watch highlights of your favorite athlete, or film on your next opponent, or just flip through the pages of Playboy, crank up some AC/DC, and get amped up like a madman to train.

When the adrenaline subsides, and some semblance of a normal human being returns, however, it is a lot harder to get fired up to eat a grass-fed steak and potato instead of pizza and fries.  But I believe it’s equally important to your long-term athletic success.

For every one genetically gifted or drug enhanced athlete that can get away with a crappy diet, there are ten that can’t.  Everything you put into your body makes a difference.  It’s up to you whether that difference is positive or negative.

Author’s Bio

 

 

Nate Miyaki is a fitness author, athlete, and coach. He is the author of the new book “Intermittent Feast: An Evolutionary & Scientific Approach to Slashing Fat”.  Visit his site at www.NateMiyaki.com.